COMPUTATION: WGT_SUM = TIMEES_SUM + STAF2_SUM + (STANASSE_SUM * .5)
COMPUTATION: egen STANASSE_SUM = rowtotal(STANES STANMS STANHS ASSEES2 ASSEMS2 ASSEHS2), missing
COMPUTATION: egen STAF2_SUM = rowtotal(STAFES2 STAFMS2 STAFHS2), missing
COMPUTATION: egen TIMEES_SUM = rowtotal(TIMEES2 TIMEMS2 TIMEHS2), missing
Computed based on quartiles of WgtSUM, separately by year.
COMPUTATION: WgtSUM = (TIMEES2 + TIMEMS2 + TIMEHS2) + (STAFES2 + STAFMS2 + STAFHS2) + (.5 * (STANES + STANMS + STANHS + ASSEES2 + ASSEMS2 + ASSEHS2))
COMPUTATION: All_PATime = PATIMEES if PATIMEES <= PATIMEHS & PATIMEES <= PATIMEMS
COMPUTATION: All_PATime = PATIMEMS if PATIMEMS <= PATIMEHS & PATIMEMS <= PATIMEES
COMPUTATION: All_PATime = PATIMEHS if PATIMEHS <= PATIMEMS & PATIMEHS <= PATIMEES
COMPUTATION: All_STAN = STANES if STANES <= STANHS & STANES <= STANMS
COMPUTATION: All_STAN = STANMS if STANMS <= STANHS & STANMS <= STANES
COMPUTATION: All_STAN = STANHS if STANHS <= STANMS & STANHS <= STANES
COMPUTATION: All_Time = TIMEES2 if TIMEES2 <= TIMEHS2 & TIMEES2 <= TIMEMS2
COMPUTATION: All_Time = TIMEMS2 if TIMEMS2 <= TIMEHS2 & TIMEMS2 <= TIMEES2
COMPUTATION: All_Time = TIMEHS2 if TIMEHS2 <= TIMEMS2 & TIMEHS2 <= TIMEES2
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PE instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PE instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PE instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the HS grade level.
Applies if state specifies daily participation in PE.
Applies if state permits substitution for PE based on a course or activity; or if state specifies that PE instruction is not required for the full school year.
Applies if state allows for a combination of Physical Activity (PA) and PE to meet PE time requirement.
This variable was introduced in 2008 and was not scored in 2003-2007.
Applies if state suspended PE time requirements at any time during the calendar year.
This variable was introduced in 2020 and was not scored in 2003-2019.
Description: The Physical Activity (PA) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PA occurring in schools and may or may not include time allocated for PE and other activities during the school day at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Activity (PA) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PA occurring in schools and may or may not include time allocated for PE and other activities during the school day at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Activity (PA) Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of PA occurring in schools and may or may not include time allocated for PE and other activities during the school day at the HS grade level.
Applies if state specifies daily participation in PA.
Applies if state references the CDC Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program.
This variable was introduced in 2016 and was not scored in 2003-2015.
Applies if state suspended PA time requirements at any time during the calendar year.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for PE teachers with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for PE teachers with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for PE teachers with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the HS grade level.
Applies if teacher qualifications apply to most but not all districts (e.g., not applicable to districts that regularly employ fewer than 20 teachers).
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Curriculum Standards Score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the PE curriculum requirements with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Curriculum Standards Score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the PE curriculum requirements with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standards at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Curriculum Standards score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the PE curriculum requirements with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standards at the HS grade level.
Applies if state references and incorporates curriculum standards from either: 1. National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE); OR 2. A specific state agency; OR 3. Other organization curriculum standards.
This variable was introduced in 2010 and was not scored in 2003-2008.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Assessment of Health-Related Fitness score reflects the degree to which state law requires assessment of student fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition) with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Assessment of Health-Related Fitness Score reflects the degree to which state law requires assessment of student fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition) with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Assessment of Health-Related Fitness Score reflects the degree to which state law requires assessment of student fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition) with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the HS grade level.
Applies if state (e.g., state education agency) requires a report on results of such testing.
Applies if fitness test is required for only a portion of students in appropriate grades.
Applies if state suspended assessment requirements at any time during the calendar year.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Recess Time Score reflects the degree to which state law requires recess time for physical activity outside of the PE realm with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard. This policy area applies only to the Elementary School (ES) grade level.
Description: The MVPA Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education (PE) instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the ES grade level and CDC School Health Guidelines and IOM report.
Description: The MVPA Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education (PE) instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the MS grade level and CDC School Health Guidelines and IOM report.
Description: The MVPA Time Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the amount of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education (PE) instruction with respect to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended standard at the HS grade level and CDC School Health Guidelines and IOM report.
Applies if state suspended MPVA time requirements at any time during the calendar year.
Description: The Joint Use Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law allows for joint use agreements between a school and a community partner with the aim of increasing access to school physical activity facilities as suggested in the CDC School Health Guidelines at the ES grade level.
Description: The Joint Use Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law allows for joint use agreements between a school and a community partner with the aim of increasing access to school physical activity facilities as suggested in the CDC School Health Guidelines at the MS grade level.
Description: The Joint Use Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law allows for joint use agreements between a school and a community partner with the aim of increasing access to school physical activity facilities as suggested in the CDC School Health Guidelines at the HS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Proficiency Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law requires PE proficiency with specific motor skills with respect to the CDC School Health Guidelines at the ES grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Proficiency Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law requires PE proficiency with specific motor skills with respect to the CDC School Health Guidelines at the MS grade level.
Description: The Physical Education (PE) Proficiency Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law requires PE proficiency with specific motor skills with respect to the CDC School Health Guidelines at the HS grade level.
Description: The PE Teacher Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law requires PE to be taught by a licensed/credentialed/endorsed physical education teacher.
This variable was introduced in 2013 and was not scored in prior years.
Description: The Adapted PE Requirement addresses the extent to which state laws meet the federal requirements to make physical education available to every child receiving a free appropriate public education.
This variable was introduced in 2019 and was not scored in prior years.
Description: The PE Teacher Requirement score reflects the degree to which state law requires adapted PE to be taught by a licensed/credentialed/endorsed adapted physical education teacher.
Description: The Adapted Physical Education (APE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for APE teachers at the ES grade level.
Description: The Adapted Physical Education (APE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for APE teachers at the MS grade level.
Description: The Adapted Physical Education (APE) Staffing Requirements score reflects the degree to which state law addresses the educational degree and certification requirements for APE teachers at the HS grade level.
Applies if state addresses adapted PE within general PE standards or has adopted stand-alone adapted PE standards/Guidelines.
Applies if state addresses accommodations for extracurricular activities for those enrolled in adapted PE.
Applies if state addresses return to learn plans for pediatric cancer survivors or others in need of adapted PE.
Applies if state allows exemption from PE based on medical or disability.
Description: The sun safety variable measures the extent to which students are allowed to access and/or apply sunscreen during the school day.
Applies if state requires a parent’s note on file for student to possess sunscreen.
The sun safety education variable measures if state law addresses sun safety education (as part of health education or as a stand-alone curriculum topic) at the ES grade level.
The sun safety education variable measures if state law addresses sun safety education (as part of health education or as a stand-alone curriculum topic) at the MS grade level.
The sun safety education variable measures if state law addresses sun safety education (as part of health education or as a stand-alone curriculum topic) at the HS grade level.
This variable was introduced in 2020 and was not scored in prior years.
Recode of TIMEES2: 0 if TIMEES2 == 0, 1 if TIMEES2 == 1 or 2, 2 if TIMEES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEES2 == 0.
Dummy variable: TIMEES2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEES2 >= 1.
Recode of TIMEMS2: 0 if TIMEMS2 == 0, 1 if TIMEMS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if TIMEMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEMS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: TIMEMS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEMS2 >= 1.
Recode of TIMEHS2: 0 if TIMEHS2 == 0, 1 if TIMEHS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if TIMEHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEHS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: TIMEHS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: TIMEHS2 >= 1.
Recode of PATIMEES: 0 if PATIMEES == 0, 1 if PATIMEES == 1 or 2, 2 if PATIMEES > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEES == 0.
Dummy variable: PATIMEES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEES > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEES >= 1.
Recode of PATIMEMS: 0 if PATIMEMS == 0, 1 if PATIMEMS == 1 or 2, 2 if PATIMEMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEMS == 0.
Dummy variable: PATIMEMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEMS >= 1.
Recode of PATIMEHS: 0 if PATIMEHS == 0, 1 if PATIMEHS == 1 or 2, 2 if PATIMEHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEHS == 0.
Dummy variable: PATIMEHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PATIMEHS >= 1.
Recode of STAFES2: 0 if STAFES2 == 0, 1 if STAFES2 == 1 or 2, 2 if STAFES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFES2 == 0.
Dummy variable: STAFES2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STAFES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFES2 >= 1.
Recode of STAFMS2: 0 if STAFMS2 == 0, 1 if STAFMS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if STAFMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFMS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: STAFMS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STAFMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFMS2 >= 1.
Recode of STAFHS2: 0 if STAFHS2 == 0, 1 if STAFHS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if STAFHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFHS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: STAFHS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STAFHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: STAFHS2 >= 1.
Recode of STANES: 0 if STANES == 0, 1 if STANES == 1 or 2, 2 if STANES > 2.
Dummy variable: STANES == 0.
Dummy variable: STANES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STANES > 2.
Dummy variable: STANES >= 1.
Recode of STANMS: 0 if STANMS == 0, 1 if STANMS == 1 or 2, 2 if STANMS > 2.
Dummy variable: STANMS == 0.
Dummy variable: STANMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STANMS > 2.
Dummy variable: STANMS >= 1.
Recode of STANHS: 0 if STANHS == 0, 1 if STANHS == 1 or 2, 2 if STANHS > 2.
Dummy variable: STANHS == 0.
Dummy variable: STANHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: STANHS > 2.
Dummy variable: STANHS >= 1.
Recode of ASSEES2: 0 if ASSEES2 == 0, 1 if ASSEES2 == 1 or 2, 2 if ASSEES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEES2 == 0.
Dummy variable: ASSEES2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEES2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEES2 >= 1.
Recode of ASSEMS2: 0 if ASSEMS2 == 0, 1 if ASSEMS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if ASSEMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEMS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: ASSEMS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEMS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEMS2 >= 1.
Recode of ASSEHS2: 0 if ASSEHS2 == 0, 1 if ASSEHS2 == 1 or 2, 2 if ASSEHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEHS2 == 0.
Dummy variable: ASSEHS2 == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEHS2 > 2.
Dummy variable: ASSEHS2 >= 1.
Recode of RECESS: 0 if RECESS == 0, 1 if RECESS == 1 or 2, 2 if RECESS > 2.
Dummy variable: RECESS == 0.
Dummy variable: RECESS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: RECESS > 2.
Dummy variable: RECESS >= 1.
Recode of MVPAES: 0 if MVPAES == 0, 1 if MVPAES == 1 or 2, 2 if MVPAES > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAES == 0.
Dummy variable: MVPAES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAES > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAES >= 1.
Recode of MVPAMS: 0 if MVPAMS == 0, 1 if MVPAMS == 1 or 2, 2 if MVPAMS > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAMS == 0.
Dummy variable: MVPAMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAMS > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAMS >= 1.
Recode of MVPAHS: 0 if MVPAHS == 0, 1 if MVPAHS == 1 or 2, 2 if MVPAHS > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAHS == 0.
Dummy variable: MVPAHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAHS > 2.
Dummy variable: MVPAHS >= 1.
Recode of JNTUSEES: 0 if JNTUSEES == 0, 1 if JNTUSEES == 1 or 2, 2 if JNTUSEES > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEES == 0.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEES > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEES >= 1.
Recode of JNTUSEMS: 0 if JNTUSEMS == 0, 1 if JNTUSEMS == 1 or 2, 2 if JNTUSEMS > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEMS == 0.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEMS > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEMS >= 1.
Recode of JNTUSEHS: 0 if JNTUSEHS == 0, 1 if JNTUSEHS == 1 or 2, 2 if JNTUSEHS > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEHS == 0.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEHS > 2.
Dummy variable: JNTUSEHS >= 1.
Recode of PEPROFES: 0 if PEPROFES == 0, 1 if PEPROFES == 1 or 2, 2 if PEPROFES > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFES == 0.
Dummy variable: PEPROFES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFES > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFES >= 1.
Recode of PEPROFMS: 0 if PEPROFMS == 0, 1 if PEPROFMS == 1 or 2, 2 if PEPROFMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFMS == 0.
Dummy variable: PEPROFMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFMS >= 1.
Recode of PEPROFHS: 0 if PEPROFHS == 0, 1 if PEPROFHS == 1 or 2, 2 if PEPROFHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFHS == 0.
Dummy variable: PEPROFHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PEPROFHS >= 1.
Recode of PETEACHES: 0 if PETEACHES == 0, 1 if PETEACHES == 1 or 2, 2 if PETEACHES > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHES == 0.
Dummy variable: PETEACHES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHES > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHES >= 1.
Recode of PETEACHMS: 0 if PETEACHMS == 0, 1 if PETEACHMS == 1 or 2, 2 if PETEACHMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHMS == 0.
Dummy variable: PETEACHMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHMS > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHMS >= 1.
Recode of PETEACHHS: 0 if PETEACHHS == 0, 1 if PETEACHHS == 1 or 2, 2 if PETEACHHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHHS == 0.
Dummy variable: PETEACHHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHHS > 2.
Dummy variable: PETEACHHS >= 1.
Recode of ADAPTPE: 0 if ADAPTPE == 0, 1 if ADAPTPE == 1 or 2, 2 if ADAPTPE > 2.
Dummy variable: ADAPTPE == 0.
Dummy variable: ADAPTPE == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: ADAPTPE > 2.
Dummy variable: ADAPTPE >= 1.
Recode of AdaptPETEACHES: 0 if AdaptPETEACHES == 0, 1 if AdaptPETEACHES == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptPETEACHES > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHES == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHES > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHES >= 1.
Recode of AdaptPETEACHMS: 0 if AdaptPETEACHMS == 0, 1 if AdaptPETEACHMS == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptPETEACHMS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHMS == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHMS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHMS >= 1.
Recode of AdaptPETEACHHS: 0 if AdaptPETEACHHS == 0, 1 if AdaptPETEACHHS == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptPETEACHHS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHHS == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHHS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptPETEACHHS >= 1.
Recode of AdaptSTAFES: 0 if AdaptSTAFES == 0, 1 if AdaptSTAFES == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptSTAFES > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFES == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFES == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFES > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFES >= 1.
Recode of AdaptSTAFMS: 0 if AdaptSTAFMS == 0, 1 if AdaptSTAFMS == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptSTAFMS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFMS == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFMS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFMS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFMS >= 1.
Recode of AdaptSTAFHS: 0 if AdaptSTAFHS == 0, 1 if AdaptSTAFHS == 1 or 2, 2 if AdaptSTAFHS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFHS == 0.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFHS == 1 or 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFHS > 2.
Dummy variable: AdaptSTAFHS >= 1.
Recode of SunSafetyEdES: 0 if SunSafetyEdES == 0, 1 if SunSafetyEdES == 1, 2 if SunSafetyEdES > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdES == 0.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdES == 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdES > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdES >= 1.
Recode of SunSafetyEdMS: 0 if SunSafetyEdMS == 0, 1 if SunSafetyEdMS == 1, 2 if SunSafetyEdMS > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdMS == 0.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdMS == 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdMS > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdMS >= 1.
Recode of SunSafetyEdHS: 0 if SunSafetyEdHS == 0, 1 if SunSafetyEdHS == 1, 2 if SunSafetyEdHS > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdHS == 0.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdHS == 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdHS > 1.
Dummy variable: SunSafetyEdHS >= 1.
COMPUTATION: All_STAF = STAFHS2 if STAFHS2 <= STAFMS2 & STAFHS2 <= STAFES2
COMPUTATION: All_STAF = STAFMS2 if STAFMS2 <= STAFHS2 & STAFMS2 <= STAFES2
COMPUTATION: All_STAF = STAFES2 if STAFES2 <= STAFHS2 & STAFES2 <= STAFMS2
COMPUTATION: All_ASSE = ASSEHS2 if ASSEHS2 <= ASSEMS2 & ASSEHS2 <= ASSEES2
COMPUTATION: All_ASSE = ASSEMS2 if ASSEMS2 <= ASSEHS2 & ASSEMS2 <= ASSEES2
COMPUTATION: All_ASSE = ASSEES2 if ASSEES2 <= ASSEHS2 & ASSEES2 <= ASSEMS2